{"id":423,"date":"2025-07-13T08:39:23","date_gmt":"2025-07-13T06:39:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/?p=423"},"modified":"2025-07-14T08:20:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T06:20:47","slug":"il-mit-tal-convivencia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/2025\/07\/13\/il-mit-tal-convivencia\/","title":{"rendered":"Il-Mit tal-Convivencia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

“Il-Mit tal-Convivencia<\/em>” huwa wie\u0127ed mibni fuq l-idea popolari ta\u2019 convivencia<\/em>, ji\u0121ifieri li l-komunitajiet Kattoli\u010bi, Lhud u Musulmani kienu jg\u0127ixu f\u2019armonija pa\u010bifika fi Spanja medjevali, partikolarment matul il-perjodu wara l-konkwista Musulmana. Dan il-mit spiss jintu\u017ca fid-diskussjonijiet moderni biex jippromwovi vi\u017cjoni idealizzata ta\u2019 armonija kulturali, imma l-awtur jargumenta li hija distorsjoni tal-istorja li tissimplifika l-kumplessitajiet tal-perjodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il-kun\u010bett ta\u2019 convivencia<\/em> kiseb popolarit\u00e0 matul is-seklu dsatax u baqa’ ji\u0121i \u010b\u010belebrat b\u0127ala mudell ta\u2019 koe\u017cistenza pa\u010bifika. Madankollu din in-narattiva hija bba\u017cata \u0127afna fuq nostal\u0121ija u storja selettiva. Filwaqt li huwa veru li l-Kristjani, Lhud, u Musulmani intera\u0121ixxew b\u2019diversi modi, dawn l-interazzjonijiet kienu \u0127afna drabi kkaratterizzati minn dinami\u010bi ta’ poter inugwali, sfruttament ekonomiku, u diskriminazzjoni sistematika, mhux koe\u017cistenza armonju\u017ca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il-Mit ta\u2019 Convivencia<\/em> ma tikkunsidrax il-fatt li l-gruppi reli\u0121ju\u017ci u etni\u010bi differenti fi Spanja medjevali ma kienux ne\u010bessarjament qed jg\u0127ixu f’armonija pa\u010bifika i\u017cda kienu su\u0121\u0121etti g\u0127al \u0121erarkija so\u010bjali. Pere\u017cempju, waqt li l-Musulmani kienu jmexxu fuq il-Peni\u017cola Iberika, il-popolazzjonijiet Kristjani u Lhudija kienu spiss relegati g\u0127al stati so\u010bjali u politi\u010bi baxxi. Il-Musulmani imponew il-\u0121izja, taxxa fuq dawk li ma kienux Musulmani, u specjalment l-komunitajiet Lhud, g\u0127alkemm xi drabi f\u2019po\u017cizzjonijiet ta\u2019 influwenza, kienu g\u0127adhom je\u0127tie\u0121u li jinnavigaw fid-dinja ta’ li\u0121ijiet diskriminatorji u stigma so\u010bjali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problema sinifikanti bil-Mit ta\u2019 Convivencia<\/em> hija li tftittex li tirromanticizza lil Spanja Islamika, tag\u0127milha b\u0127ala era dehebija ta’ multikulturali\u017cmu. Filwaqt li l-perjodu ta\u0127t ir-renju ta’ Musulmani, partikolarment fi bliet b\u0127al C\u00f3rdoba, seta\u2019 kien ra fjoritura intellettwali u kulturali, dan ma jfissirx li l-Musulmani, Lhud, u Kristjani kienu jg\u0127ixu f\u2019socjet\u00e0 utopika bla kunflitti. Fil-fatt kellek avvenimenti li juru li dan ma kienx minnu. \u0126a nsemmu erba\u2019 e\u017cempji b\u0127ala xiehda ta\u2019 tensjonijiet u vjolenza qawwija bejn il-gruppi reli\u0121ju\u017ci, li tiddi\u017capprova l-ver\u017cjoni idealizzata ta\u2019 convivencia<\/em>…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Il-Martri ta\u2019 Cordoba fis-sena 859, \u0127ames Insara f’C\u00f3rdoba \u0121ew moghtija l-mewt fuq ordni tal-Kalif Abd al-Rahman talli rrifjutaw li jirrinunzjaw il-fidi tag\u0127hom u jikkonvertu g\u0127all-Islam. Fosthom kien hemm Aurelius, Natalia, Eulogius, Perfectus, Sisenandus, Rodericus fost o\u0127rajn. Huma apertament quddiem il-pressjoni sabiex l-Insara jaqilbu g\u0127all-Islam, iddenunzjaw dik li issa kienet ir-reli\u0121jon uffi\u010bjali u g\u0127alhekk \u0121ew ordnati li jew jaqilbu l-fidi jew jie\u0127du l-martirju. Meta \u0121ew ordnati li jikkonvertu, g\u0127a\u017clu l-martirju, u wrew il-kura\u0121\u0121 tag\u0127hom. L-azzjonijiet tag\u0127hom ispiraw \u0127afna biex jikkumbattu l-pressjoni reli\u0121ju\u017ca u jibqg\u0127u fidili g\u0127all-fidi tag\u0127hom.
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Ir-rewwixta ta\u2019 Ibn Hafs\u00fan. Umar ibn Hafs\u00fan kien mexxej ribellu\u017c tas-seklu 9 f’Al-Andalus, huwa oppona l-Emirat Umayyad ta\u2019 C\u00f3rdoba, g\u0127aliex kien hemm bosta diskriminazzjoni mhux biss kontra dawk li baqu\u2019 Insara, imma sa\u0127ansitra kontra dawk li qalbu Musulmani imma ma kienux ta’ dixxendenza G\u0127arbija jew Berbera. Din ir-rewwixta li huwa ferrex mill-fortizza tieg\u0127u f\u2019Bobastro, u g\u0127aqdet diversi frazzjonijiet Insara u Musulmani kontra l-\u0127akma tal-Emirat. Ir-re\u017cistenza tieg\u0127u damet g\u0127exieren ta\u2019 snin, u sfidat l-awtorit\u00e0 tal-Umayyads. G\u0127alkemm kellu mieg\u0127u xi Nsara, meta dan sar Nisrani, bosta mis-segwa\u010bi Musulmani telquh, tant li l-moviment tieg\u0127u ddg\u0127ajjef u wara l-mewt tieg\u0127u fl-917, \u0121ie soppress mill-Umajjadi. Fl-a\u0127\u0127ar, l-Umajjadi g\u0127aff\u0121u r-ribelljoni u re\u0121g\u0127u \u0127adu Bobastro fl-928.
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Il-massakru tal-Lhud ta’ Granada fl-1066 meta numru kbir ta’ Lhud \u0121ew maqtula fil-belt ta’ Granada, fi Spanja kien ka\u0121unat minn tensjonijiet li qamu bejn il-popolazzjoni Musulmana u l-komunit\u00e0 Lhudija. Il-massakru se\u0127\u0127 matul ir-reb\u0127a tar-renju ta’ Badis ibn Habus. Wara kri\u017ci politika ka\u0121unata mill-impressjoni li l-Emir kien qieg\u0127ed jiffavorixxi lill-komunit\u00e0 Lhudija, il-folla, in\u010bitata minn sentimenti antisemiti\u010bi, attakkat lill-popolazzjoni Lhudija, inqatlu mal-4000 ru\u0127 u in\u0127arqu djar u negozji Lhud. Il-massakru mmarka punt ta’ bidla fil-istorja tal-Lhud fl-Al-Andalus, li wassal g\u0127at-tnaqqis tal-influwenza tag\u0127hom fir-re\u0121jun u t-tnaqqis tal-prosperit\u00e0 Lhudija ta\u0127t ir-re\u0121im Musulman. Tajjeb li nsemmu li f\u2019dan il-perjodu bosta Lhud marru fil-parti Nisranija.
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. L-Almohadi, kienu setta fundamentalista Islamika li wara l-1145 invadew Spanja. Huma kienu jqisu li Musulmani o\u0127ra tbeg\u0127du mill-fidi vera fil-waqt li lil dawk li ma kienux Musulmani, kellhom jing\u0127ataw ghazla, jew jikkonvertu jew jing\u0127ataw l-mewt jew l-e\u017cilju. Hekk kif ikkontrollaw l-akbar parti ta’ Spanja Islamika huma ne\u0127\u0127ew lil-Lhud u lill-Kristjani l-libert\u00e0 reli\u0121ju\u017ca tag\u0127hom. L-Almohadi rrifjutaw il-kun\u010bett ta’ dhimmi, ji\u0121ifieri li min mhux Musulman jibqa’ je\u017cisti basta j\u0127allas taxxa apposta (\u0120i\u017cja) u talbu li kul\u0127add ja\u010b\u010betta lill-fundatur tag\u0127hom, Ibn Tumart b\u0127ala l-Mahdi. Huma forzaw konver\u017cjonijiet, bil-Lhud u l-Kristjani \u0127afna minnhom jikkonvertu ta\u0127t pressjoni biex jevitaw il-vjolenza. Il-filosofu Lhudi Maimonides u l-familja tieg\u0127u kienu rapportati b\u0127ala fost dawk li temporanjament konvertew g\u0127all-Islam sakemm \u0127arbu lejn l-E\u0121ittu. L-Almohadi, billi rrikonoxxew konver\u017cjonijiet mhux sin\u010bieri, imponew regolamenti stretti, inklu\u017c kodi\u010bi ta’ lbies g\u0127al-Lhud, u b’hekk \u0127ar\u0121u aktar diskriminazzjoni u divi\u017cjonijiet so\u010bjali.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Dawn l-erba episodji, minn bosta, juruli li kuntrarju g\u0127all-Mit tal-Convivencia<\/em>, Al Andalus (Spanja Islamika), kienet mifnija b\u2019firdiet etni\u010bi u reli\u0121ju\u017ci. \u0126afna drabi l-idea ta\u2019 convivencia<\/em> ti\u0121i ppre\u017centata b\u0127ala li ntemmet wara r-Rikonkwista Kristjana fis-seklu 15. Madankollu, kif rajna din in-narattiva tissimplifika d-dinami\u010bi kumplessi tal-relazzjonijiet reli\u0121ju\u017ci u kulturali qabel, waqt, u wara r-Rikonkwista. Il-\u0127akma u l-konver\u017cjonijiet forzati tal-Musulmani u Lhud, kif ukoll il-qawmien tal-Inkwi\u017cizzjoni Spanjola, jirriflettu storja twila ta\u2019 intolleranza reli\u0121ju\u017ca li ma kenitx limitata b\u2019 ri\u017cultat tar-Rikonkwista, i\u017cda kienet te\u017cisti g\u0127al bosta sekli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tajjeb li naraw wkoll l-impatti moderni tal-Mit tal-Convivencia<\/em>. Spiss dan ji\u0121i u\u017cat b\u0127ala kontra-punt g\u0127all-kwistjonijiet moderni ta’ multikulturalizmu, spe\u010bjalment fid-diskussjonijiet dwar l-immigrazzjoni u l-integrazzjoni so\u010bjali. Billi tidealizza l-passat, ji\u0121u \u0121enerati riski ta\u2019 tg\u0127awwi\u0121 tal-istorja u t\u0127assar l-isforzi biex nifhmu l-isfidi reali tal-koe\u017cistenza llum. In-narattiva nostal\u0121ika ta\u2019 Spanja medjevali armonju\u017ca u multikulturalista hija fl-a\u0127\u0127ar mill-a\u0127\u0127ar interpretazzjoni selettiva u mhux e\u017catta tal-istorja, li tg\u0127atti l-kunflitti, l-inugwaljanza, u d-diskriminazzjoni li kkaratterizzaw ir-relazzjonijiet bejn il-gruppi reli\u0121ju\u017ci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fl-a\u0127\u0127arnett, l-Mit ta\u2019 Convivencia<\/em> iservi g\u0127al skop nostalgiku u e\u010b\u010bessivament sempli\u010bifikat, li jahbi l-kumplessitajiet tas-so\u010bjet\u00e0 Spanjola medjevali. Filwaqt li \u010berti mumenti ta\u2019 kooperazzjoni u influwenza re\u010biproka se\u0127\u0127ew, dawn kienu mxejna minn vjolenza sistematika, segregazzjoni, u inugwaljanza.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    “Il-Mit tal-Convivencia” huwa wie\u0127ed mibni fuq l-idea popolari ta\u2019 convivencia, ji\u0121ifieri li l-komunitajiet Kattoli\u010bi, Lhud u Musulmani kienu jg\u0127ixu f\u2019armonija pa\u010bifika fi Spanja medjevali, partikolarment matul il-perjodu wara l-konkwista Musulmana. Dan il-mit spiss jintu\u017ca fid-diskussjonijiet moderni biex jippromwovi vi\u017cjoni idealizzata ta\u2019 armonija kulturali, imma l-awtur jargumenta li hija distorsjoni tal-istorja li tissimplifika l-kumplessitajiet tal-perjodu. Il-kun\u010bett […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[50,110,111,109,108,113,107,106,112],"class_list":["post-423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-ewropa","tag-islam","tag-izlam","tag-kattolicezimu","tag-kristjanita","tag-multikulturalizmu","tag-spanja","tag-storja","tag-tolleranza"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=423"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":466,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions\/466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mas-malta.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}